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Abenaki, or Abnaki, is a nearly extinct Algonquian language of Quebec and Maine. There were two varieties, Eastern and Western, which differ in vocabulary and phonology, and are sometimes considered distinct languages. Eastern Abenaki was spoken by several peoples, of which the last were the Penobscot of coastal Maine. The last known speaker, Madeline Shay, died in 1993 in Penobscot, Maine.〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Native Languages of the Americas )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Ethnologue )〕 Other dialects of Eastern Abenaki, such as ''Caniba'' and ''Aroosagunticook'', are documented in French-language materials from the colonial period. In 1991, Western Abenaki was spoken by 20 individuals along the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, mostly at Odanak, the site of the former mission village of St. Francis, and by about 50 individuals living throughout New York state and Connecticut. By 2006 five speakers were recorded.〔 ==History== In ''Reflections in Bullough's Pond'', historian Diana Muir argues that Abenaki neighbors, the pre-contact Iroquois, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn/beans/squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring Algonquian peoples, including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture. This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest.〔Muir, Diana, ''Reflections in Bullough's Pond'', University Press of New England.〕 In 1614, Thomas Hunt captured 24 young Abenaki people and took them to England. During the European colonization of North America, the land occupied by the Abenaki was in the area between the new colonies of England in Massachusetts and the French in Quebec. Since no party agreed to territorial boundaries, there was regular conflict among them. The Abenaki were traditionally allied with the French; during the reign of Louis XIV, Chief Assacumbuit was designated a member of the French nobility for his service. Facing annihilation from English attacks and epidemics of new infectious diseases, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec around 1669. The governor of New France allocated two seigneuries (large self-administered areas similar to feudal fiefs). The first was on the Saint Francis River and is now known as the ''Odanak'' Indian Reservation; the second was founded near Bécancour and is called the ''Wolinak'' Indian Reservation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abenaki language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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